Influence of caries activity and number of saliva donors: mineral and microbiological responses in a microcosm biofilm model.

OBJECTIVE: this study evaluated the mineral and microbiological response of biofilms originating from different types of saliva inoculum with distinct levels of caries activity. METHODOLOGY: the biofilms grown over enamel specimens originated from saliva collected from a single donor or five donors with two distinct levels of caries activity (caries-active and caries-free) or from pooling saliva from ten donors (five caries-active and five caries-free). The percentage surface hardness change (%SHC) and microbiological counts served as outcome variables. RESULTS: the caries activity of donors did not affect the %SHC values. Inoculum from five donors compared to a single donor showed higher %SHC values (p=0.019). Higher lactobacilli counts were observed when saliva from caries-active donors was used as the inoculum (p=0.017). Pooled saliva from both caries activity levels showed higher mutans streptococci counts (p<0.017). CONCLUSION: Overall, pooled saliva increased the mineral response of the derived biofilms, but all the inoculum conditions formed cariogenic biofilms and caries lesions independently of caries activity.

Influence of caries activity and number of saliva donors: mineral and microbiological responses in a microcosm biofilm model

Abstract Objective this study evaluated the mineral and microbiological response of biofilms originating from different types of saliva inoculum with distinct levels of caries activity. Methodology the biofilms grown over enamel specimens originated from saliva collected from a single donor or five donors with two distinct levels of caries activity (caries-active and caries-free) or from pooling saliva from ten donors (five caries-active and five caries-free). The percentage surface hardness change (%SHC) and microbiological counts served as outcome variables. Results the caries activity of donors did not affect the %SHC values. Inoculum from five donors compared to a single donor showed higher %SHC values (p=0.019). Higher lactobacilli counts were observed when saliva from caries-active donors was used as the inoculum (p=0.017). Pooled saliva from both caries activity levels showed higher mutans streptococci counts (p<0.017). Conclusion Overall, pooled saliva increased the mineral response of the derived biofilms, but all the inoculum conditions formed cariogenic biofilms and caries lesions independently of caries activity.

Study protocol for a diagnostic randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of the use of two clinical criteria in the assessment of caries lesions around restorations in adults: the Caries Cognition and Identification in Adults (CaCIA) trial.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of restored teeth in dentistry remains a challenge, mainly related to the detection of caries around restorations. There is a diversity of clinical criteria available to assess the caries lesions, resulting in differences in the dentists' diagnosis and treatment decisions. In addition, there is a lack of evidence regarding the best criteria to detect caries lesions around the restorations. Thus, the present protocol aims to evaluate the effect of using 2 visual criteria to assess restored teeth on the outcomes related to oral health in adults. METHODS: The design protocol of the Caries Cognition and Identification in Adults trial correspond to a triple-blind randomized, controlled clinical trial with parallel-groups. Two groups will be compared: patients who will receive the diagnosis and treatment decision according to FDI (World Dental Federation) criteria-FDI group; and patients who will receive diagnosis and treatment decision according to the "Caries Associated with Restorations or Sealants" criteria defined by the International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS group). The participants will be followed up after 6, 12, 18, 24, and 60 months, and the restoration failure will be the primary outcome. The analysis will be conducted through Cox regression with shared frailty. The impact of oral health on quality of life and the cost-effectiveness of the methods used will be the secondary outcomes. Two-tailed analyzes will be used, considering a level of significance of 5%. DISCUSSION: This is the first clinical trial to assess the effect of using two visual methods to detect caries lesions around restorations on the outcomes related to oral health in adults. The findings of this study will define what is the best diagnostic strategy for the assessment of caries around restorations in permanent teeth. Trial registration NCT03108586 (registered 11 April 2017).

Impact of a diagnostic workshop on undergraduate teaching-learning process for the diagnosis and management of tooth restorations-A randomised controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a diagnostic workshop on undergraduate teaching-learning process for the diagnosis and management of tooth restorations. METHODS: The first stage of the study was a randomised controlled study with two parallel groups: lecture (L) and lecture coupled with a diagnostic workshop (LW). A pool of cases of tooth restorations including secondary caries and marginal defects was used for training. Theoretical knowledge, perception about the activity and practical abilities were evaluated. The second stage of the study assessed students' theoretical knowledge retention six months following intervention. All students included in the first stage of the study were exposed to LW. Hence, a new control group of students not exposed to LW was selected. One-way analysis of variance, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multilevel regression analysis were used as part of statistical analysis. RESULTS: The LW group had greater scores for the assignment of lesion severity and activity, presence of marginal defect and treatment indication than the L group (P < 0.05). Multilevel regression analysis showed a positive impact of the workshop diagnosis in the correct assessment of lesion activity (P = 0.03). There was no statistical difference between the LW and L groups in students' perception of the activity. The LW group showed greater knowledge retention after six months than the L group (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Lecture coupled with diagnostic workshop improved students' practical skills of diagnosis restorations and knowledge retention in the six months following intervention.

Desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie em dentina em um modelo de biofilme simplificado in vitro: um estudo piloto / Development of dentin caries lesions in an in vitro simplified biofilm model: a pilot study

Introdução: Modelos laboratoriais de biofilmes vêm sendo desenvolvidos com a finalidade de simular o ambiente bucal e o processo de formação da cárie dental. Objetivo: Estabelecer e padronizar um modelo de biofilme in vitro para o desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie em dentina. Material e método: Doze discos padronizados de dentina bovina foram divididos em três tempos experimentais: 4, 7 e 10 dias. As amostras de cada tempo experimental foram inoculadas com Streptococcus mutans UA 159 em meio de cultura BHI com 1% de sacarose e cultivadas em anaerobiose. As variáveis de resposta foram a perda de dureza integrada (ΔS) dos discos de dentina e dureza do substrato em diferentes profundidades. Os dados de ΔS foram analisados através de ANOVA seguido do teste Tukey, ambos com significância de 5%, e os dados de dureza de profundidade de lesão analisados descritivamente. Resultado: Houve maior perda mineral aos 10 dias de crescimento microbiológico quando comparados aos 4 dias (p = 0,034), no entanto não houve diferença entre 7 e 10 dias (p = 0,853). O grupo de 4 dias mostrou perda de dureza em regiões mais superficiais (10-40µm); e o grupo de 10 dias mostrou desmineralização em áreas mais profundas, até 150 µm. Conclusão: O modelo proposto mostrou-se capaz de desenvolver lesões de cárie artificiais em dentina. Em 7 dias, as lesões subsuperficiais de dentina foram adequadas para estudos de des-remineralização.

Introduction: Oral laboratory biofilm models have been developed to reproduce the oral environment and the process of caries lesion formation in vitro. Objective: To establish and standardize an in vitro biofilm model for the development of caries lesions in dentin. Material and method: Twelve standardized bovine dentin discs were assigned into three experimental times: 4, 7, and 10 days. Samples of each experimental period were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans UA 159 in a BHI culture medium with 1% sucrose, and cultured under anaerobic conditions. The integrated hardness loss (ΔS) of dentin discs and the hardness of the substrate at different depths were considered as response variables. The ΔS data were analysed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test, both with significance level of 5%, and the data of hardness at different depths were analysed descriptively. Result: There was a higher hardness loss after 10 days of microbial growth when compared to 4 days (p = 0.034), however, there was no difference between 7 and 10 days (p = 0.853). The 4-day group showed loss of hardness of the surface layers (10-40μm) and the 10-day group showed demineralization in the deeper area around 150µm. Conclusion: The proposed model was able to develop artificial caries lesions in dentin. In 7 days, the dentin sub superficial lesions were suitable to des-remineralisation studies.

Impact of a Tutored Theoretical-Practical Training to Develop Undergraduate Students' Skills for the Detection of Caries Lesions: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Controlled Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: Tutored laboratorial activities could be a manner of improving the competency development of students. However, its impact over conventional theoretical classes has not yet been tested. Additionally, different university contexts could influence this issue and should be explored. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a tutored theoretical-practical training for teaching undergraduate students to detect caries lesions as compared with theoretical teaching activities. The impact of these teaching/learning activities will be assessed in terms of efficacy, cost/benefit, retention of knowledge/acquired competences, and student acceptability. METHODS: Sixteen centers (7 centers from Brazil and 9 centers from other countries throughout the world) are involved in the inclusion of subjects for this protocol. A randomized controlled study with parallel groups will be conducted. One group (control) will be exposed to a 60- to 90-minute conventional theoretical class and the other group (test) will be exposed to the same theoretical class and also a 90-minute laboratory class, including exercises and discussions based on the evaluation of a pool of images and extracted teeth. The mentioned outcomes will be evaluated immediately after the teaching activities and also in medium- and long-term analyses. To compare the long-term outcomes, students who enrolled in the university before the participating students will be interviewed for data collection and these data will be used as a control and compared with the trained group. This stage will be a nonrandomized phase of this study, nested in the main study. Appropriate statistical analysis will be performed according to the aims of this study. Variables related to the centers will also be analyzed and used to model adjustment as possible sources of variability among results. RESULTS: This ongoing study is funded by a Brazilian national funding agency (CNPq- 400736/2014-4). We expect that the tutored theoretical-practical training will improve the undergraduate students' performance in the detection of caries lesions and subsequent treatment decisions, mainly in terms of long-term retention of knowledge. Our hypothesis is that tutored theoretical-practical training is a more cost-effective option for teaching undergraduate students to detect caries lesions. CONCLUSIONS: If our hypothesis is confirmed, the use of laboratory training in conjunction with theoretical classes could be used as an educational strategy in Cariology to improve the development of undergraduate students' skills in the detection of caries lesions and clinical decision-making.

Influence of the Inoculum Source on the Cariogenicity of in vitro Microcosm Biofilms.

This study investigated the cariogenic potential of biofilms originating from different types of inoculum (saliva and dental plaque) from caries-active and caries-free individuals. Ten volunteers were selected from each caries condition for the paired collection of saliva and dental plaque. Microcosm biofilms were grown in triplicate from each inoculum on enamel specimens in 24-well plates under cariogenic challenge. After 10 days, the biofilms were collected for analysis of outcome variables: percentage of surface hardness change (%SHC) and microbiological composition of biofilms. Statistical analysis was performed using the t test, the linear multivariate analysis model and Pearson's correlation coefficients (α = 0.05). A comparative analysis between microbiological baseline data showed higher counts of mutans streptococci in plaque samples within caries-active individuals; a comparative analysis of colony-forming unit (CFU) counts between individuals with different caries status showed higher counts of acid-tolerant microorganisms and mutans streptococci in dental plaque and of acid-tolerant microorganisms in saliva. After 10 days of biofilm growth, the CFU values for total microorganisms, lactobacilli, mutans streptococci and acid-tolerant bacteria, as well as for SHC, were not statistically significant, considering the type of inoculum and caries condition (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was found for %SHC and CFU counts of acid-tolerant bacteria (r = 0.406) and lactobacilli (r = 0.379). Under the limits of this study, the cariogenic potential of biofilms, formed under identical conditions in vitro, is similar, regardless of baseline differences between the source and type of inoculum.

Incomplete caries removal in deep lesions: a 10-year prospective study.

PURPOSE: To follow-up teeth with deep caries lesions submitted to incomplete caries removal over a 10-year period. METHODS: 27 subjects (32 permanent posterior teeth) with deep caries lesions composed the sample. In this single-arm long-term prospective study, the inclusion criteria were risk of pulp exposure during caries excavation, positive response to the cold test, absence of spontaneous pain or sensitivity during percussion, and radiographic absence of a periapical lesion. Subjects were submitted to the following procedures: complete caries removal from the surrounding cavity walls, incomplete caries removal from the pulpal wall, capping with a calcium hydroxide cement, and sealing with a modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement. After 6-7 months, the temporary sealing was removed for methodological purposes (no further excavation was performed), and teeth were capped with a calcium hydroxide cement and filled with resin composite. Clinical and radiographic assessments were conducted after 6-7 months, 1.5, 3, 5 and 10 years. Success was defined as clinical and radiographic signs and symptoms of pulp sensitivity while failure was defined as endodontic treatment need. RESULTS: Over 10 years, one tooth was excluded from the sample (pulp exposure during treatment), five were lost to recall, 10 had therapy failure (five fractures and four necroses leading to endodontic treatment need, and one extraction) and 16 had therapy success (pulp sensitivity). Overall survival rates were 97%, 90%, 82% and 63% at 1.5-, 3-, 5- and 10-year follow-ups, respectively. Teeth with two or more restored surfaces failed significantly more than teeth with one restored surface (P= 0.01).

Qualitative and quantitative radiographic assessment of sealed carious dentin: a 10-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess radiographic outcomes after partial carious dentin removal performed in deep caries lesions over a 10-year period. STUDY DESIGN: Baseline image was compared to 3 follow-up radiographs (at 6-7 months, 3 years, and 10 years). Tertiary dentin deposition and lesion depth were qualitatively assessed. Radiographic density changes in the radiolucent zone (RZ) beneath the restoration were quantitatively compared to the control areas (CA) using digital subtraction radiography (Friedman repeated-measures analysis of variance). RESULTS: A total of 13 teeth were evaluated. In most cases, lesion depth remained unchanged or decreased (12/13) and tertiary dentin formation was observed (10/13) after the 10-year follow-up. Differences between RZ and CA at the 6- to 7-month and 3-year follow-up periods were similar but significantly lower than those at the 10-year assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Sealing of carious dentin arrested the caries process, promoted deposition of tertiary dentin, and induced mineral gain in the radiolucent zone.

A clinical, microbiologic, and radiographic study of deep caries lesions after incomplete caries removal.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical, radiographic, and microbiologic changes in deep caries lesions were assessed after incomplete carious dentin removal and tooth sealing. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty-two teeth with deep caries lesions were studied. Treatment consisted of incomplete excavation of the demineralized dentin, application of calcium hydroxide, and sealing for a 6- to 7-month period. The color and consistency of the dentin were clinically assessed. Differences in radiographic density were assessed by digital image subtraction. Microbiologic samples were obtained from the demineralized dentin before the temporary sealing and after the experimental period. The samples were cultivated on blood agar under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, in Mitis Salivarius agar, and Rogosa selective Lactobacillus agar. RESULTS: Two cases were lost during the study; one presented pulpal necrosis. In the other case, there was pulpal exposure during removal of provisional sealing. In all teeth, the initial demineralized dentin was soft and wet; one lesion was yellow, 21 were light brown, and eight were dark brown. After treatment, the dentin was dry, and 80.00% of specimens were hard, 16.67% were leathery, and 3.33% remained soft. The dentin was light brown in five teeth and dark brown in 25. There was a statistically significant mean difference in radiographic density (pixel intensity), 88.77 +/- 7.02 in the control areas and 94.66 +/- 6.75 in the test areas. The counts of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, lactobacilli, and Streptococci mutans had decreased significantly by the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Incomplete removal of carious dentin and subsequent tooth sealing resulted in the arrest of the lesions, suggesting that complete dentinal caries lesion removal is not essential to the control of caries lesions.

O valor prognóstico do curso hemodinâmico inicial de pacientes com falência circulatória / The prognostic value of the elderly hemodynamic course of patients with circulatory failure

Objetivo: Avaliar as relativas contribuiçoes das mudanças no tônus vascular e funçao cardíaca para a recuperaçao de falência circulatória. Desenho: Séries de casos, estudo observacional. Cenário: Unidade de tratamento intensivo geral multidisciplinar para adultos em um hospital universitário. Pacientes: Setenta e seis pacientes com falência circulatória (hipotensao, sinais de hipoperfusao tecidual). Adicionalmente ao tratamento do quadro etiológico de base, cada paciente recebeu líquidos e drogas vasoativas (dopamina, dobutamina e norepinefrina). Cada paciente foi ventilado mecanicamente. Trinta e um pacientes (41 por cento) sobreviveram ao período de hospitalizaçao na unidade de tratamento intensivo. Intervençoes: Medidas hemodinâmicas, gasométricas e de lactato foram obtidas na admissao, após 12 horas e após 24 horas. Resultados: Pacientes sobreviventes e nao-sobreviventes de choque - Nao houveram diferenças significativas nas variáveis hemodinâmicas. A PaO2 dos nao-sobreviventes foi maior inicialmente e após 12 horas; p<0,05. Os níveis de lactato sanguíneo dos nao-sobreviventes foi maior e nao diminuiu ao longo das 24 horas; p = NS. Pacientes com choque séptico vs. nao-séptico - A pressao arterial e a resistência vascular sistêmica foram significativamente menores nos pacientes sépticos. Os valores de consumo de oxigênio dos pacientes sépticos foram mais elevados ao longo das 12 horas (p=NS), mas as de transporte de oxigênio permaneceram similares. Pacientes sobreviventes vs. nao-sobreviventes de choque séptico - Os sobreviventes apresentaram uma funçao cardíaca (índice sistólico e do trabalho de ventrículo esquerdo) significativamente melhor. O índice cardíaco dos nao-sobreviventes foi semelhante às custas de uma freqüência cardíaca significativamente maior. Os níveis de lactato sangüíneo foram menores e diminuíram ao longo das 24 horas nos sobreviventes. Conclusoes: Uma melhora precoce na funçao ventricular é indicativo de melhor prognóstico dos pacientes criticamente enfermos, destacando-se os sépticos. A concentraçao de lactato sangüíneo é um marcador de prognóstico em falência circulatória. Os valores das variáveis de transporte ou consumo de oxigênio nao parecem ter valor prognóstico em populaçoes mistas de UTI, em especial nos pacientes sépticos.

Choque séptico e SvO2: revisäo e análise da literatura / Septic shock and SvO2: review and analysis of the literature

Objetivos: Revisar artigos da literatura internacional a cerca do valor da saturacao de oxigenio venosa mista em pacientes com choque septico em adultos. Fonte de dados: A literatura internacional foi revisada atraves da "National Library of Medicine" (Medline), arquivo bibliografico de 1980 ate 1995. Selecao dos estudos: Todos os artigos obtidos em bibliotecas medicas locais foram escrutinados para determinar se eles relatavam os valores da SvO2. Resultados: Foram identificados 18 artigos. A SvO2 media combinada foi de 67 + 6 por cento. A SvO2 era diretamente correlacionada ao TO2 (r = 0,66, p = 0,004) e ao indice cardiaco ( r = 0,62, p = 0,007), ou ainda inversamente as concentracoes sanguineas de lactato (r = 0,64, p = 0,015). Conclusoes: A maior parte dos pacientes com choque septico apresenta uma SvO2 reduzida. A SvO2 reflete parcialmente as alteracoes no IC e TO2. A SvO2 esta relacionada com indices de inadequacao do TO2, como as concentracoes sanguineas de lactato.

Deposiçao tofácea gotosa e nefropatia em paciente lúpica e portadora de hipertensao arterial sistêmica: implicaçoes diagnósticas / Gout tophaceous deposition and nephropathy in a lupus patient with systemic arterial hypertension: diagnostic implications

Relata-se o caso de uma paciente com diagnóstico de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) feito há 11 anos e que, posteriormente, apresentou artrite gotosa aguda. Na revisao bibliográfica, viu-se que, a coexistência de gota e LES é rara, sendo o primeiro relato feito em 1981. A maioria dos casos descritos foi acompanhada de nefropatia, terapia com diuréticos por longo tempo, hipertensao arterial sistêmica (HAS) e terapia com corticóides, semelhante ao presente caso. O aparecimento de gota nestes casos de LES pode ser interpretado como atrite lúpica. A gota deve ser lembrada em paciente que apresentam artrite aguda e/ou nódulos subcutâneos